PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)

A. Personal Pronoun
     Personal pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai subjek diantaranya: I, We, They, You, She, He, It.

B. Possesive Pronoun
     Possesive pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai kepemilikan diantaranya: Mine, Ours, Theirs, Yours, Hers,
     His, Its.

C. Demonstrative Pronoun
     Demonstrative pronoun adalah kata ganti petunjuk, dipergunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda yang
     telah diucapkan terlebih dahulu. Yang termasuk demonstrative pronoun antara lain: this, that, these,
     those, dan some.

Perhatikan!

-This    = ini (bentuk tunggal).

-These = ini (bentuk jamak).

-That   = itu (bentuk tunggal).

-Those = itu (bentuk jamak).

Contoh dalam kalimat:

-This dictionary is mine.

-That cake is delicious.

D. Relative Pronoun

     Relative pronoun adalah kata ganti penghubung (yang), dipergunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat
     menjadi satu kalimat.

Perhatikan !

-Who    : yang (untuk orang sebagai subjek)

Contoh:
Aji came to my home. He won the Mathematics contest.

(Aji datang ke rumahku. Ia menang lomba Matematika)
He=subjek,  won=predikat,  the Mathematics contest=Objek
= Aji who won the Mathematics contest came to my home.
(Aji yang menang lomba Matematika itu datang ke rumahku)
Pembahasan:

Pada 2 kalimat yg dicetak tebal di atas, yang merupakan pronoun adalah "he" (kalimat 2) karena "he" merujuk pada kata Aji (laki-laki), posisi "he" adalah sebagai subjek kalimat ke 2.  Maka kata "he"diganti dengan "Who" dan ditulis setelah "Aji". Lihat hasilnya di atas.

-Whom : yang (untuk orang sebagai objek)
Contoh: 
The boy flies a kite.. I call him.
Anak itu menerbangkan layang-layang. Saya memanggilnya)
I=subjek,  call=predikat,  him=objek
=The boy whom I call flies a kite
(anak yang saya panggil itu menerbangkan layang-layang)
Pembahasan:Pronoun (kata ganti yang sama di kedua kalimat itu adalah "him" dengan "the boy"). Sedangkan kedudukan "him" adalah sebagai objek, jadi relative-nya menggunakan "whom". Karena kata"him" sama dengan "the boy", maka penulisan "whom" nya juga setelah "the boy. Lihat contoh di atas.

-Whose : yang...nya (untuk menyatakan kepemilikan)
Contoh:
The baby is crying. It's mother is sick.
(Bayi itu sedang mengis. Ibunya sakit)
Its=pronoun kepunyaan,  mother=benda kepunyaannya. "Its" merujuk pada "the baby"
Maka penulisan relative "whose" nya ada;ah setelah "the baby".
= The baby whose mother is sick is crying.

(Bayi yang ibunya sakit itu sedang menangis)

                                               

-Which : yang (untuk benda sebagai subjek atau objek )

Contoh: 

The colored pencils are very beautiful. They are expensive. 
(Pensil warna itu bagus sekali. harganya mahal)
They=subjek,  are=predikat,  expensive=komplemen
=The colored pencils which are expensive are very beautiful. 
(Pensil warna yang mahal itu bagus sekali)

Contoh lain:
Amir hit the dog. It was barking a lot.
(Amir memukul anjing itu. Ia menggonggong terus)
It=subjek,  was barking  a lot=predikat.

=Amir hit the dog which was barking a lot.(Amir memukul anjing yang menggonggong terus)  

                

-That     : yang (dipakai untuk mengganti pronoun who, whom, dan which)

Contoh:   

Aji who won the Mathematics contest came to my home.
=Aji that won the Mathematics contest came to my home.The boy whom I call flies a kite
=The boy that I call flies a kiteThe colored pencils which are expensive are very beautiful.The colored pencils that are expensive are very beautiful. 

E. Interrogative Pronoun

     Interrogative pronoun adalah kata ganti yang dipergunakan dalam kalimat tanya.

Who     = siapa (digunakan untuk menanyakan orang sebagai subjek)

Contoh: Who told you that? (Siapa yang mengatakan itu?) (menanyakan subjek)

Whose  = milik siapa (digunakan untuk menanyakan orang, benda atau binatang)

Contoh: Whose guitar is this? (Milik siapa gitar ini?)

Whom  = siapa (digunakan untuk menanyakan orang sebagai objek)

Contoh: Whom did she tell it? (Kepada siapakah dia mengatakan itu?) (menanyakan objek)

What    = apa (digunakan untuk menanyakan benda atau binatang)

Contoh: What do you want to drink? (Kamu ingin minum apa?)

Which  = yang mana (digunakan untuk menanyakan orang, benda atau binatang)

Contoh: Which do you prefer, the pencil or the book? (Mana yang lebih kamu sukai, pensil atau buku?)

NOUN (KATA BENDA)

Ada 2 bagian kata benda, yaitu:

1. Concrete Noun (Kata benda berwujud)

Concrete noun adalah nama orang, tempat, atau benda dan sebagainya yang dapat ditangkap dengan indera kita,  penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, sentuhan atau rasa. yakni benda-benda yang kongkret.

Contoh: 

• computer
• pen
• bag
• helm

2. Abstract Noun (Kata benda tak berwujud)

Yang dimaksud dengan abstract noun adalah bahwa benda tersebut tidak bisa dirasakan oleh panca Indera, tetapi hanya dapat dibayangkan saja.

Contoh:

• faith
• hate
• pride
• romance

Kata benda tak berwujud dapat dibentuk dari kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata-kata lainnya.

Kata benda tak berwujud yang dibentuk dari kata kerja dengan menambahkan -ment di belakang kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
Verb                                                Abstract Noun
To adjust                                         adjustment
To agree                                         agreement

Kata benda tak berwujud yang dibentuk dari kata sifat (adjective) dengan menambahkan akhiran -ness
Contoh:
Adjective                                        Abstract Noun
Good                                                goodness

Polite                                                politeness

Ada 5 kelompok dari concrete noun:

a. Common Nouns (Kata benda biasa)

Yaitu  kata benda yang menunjukkan jenis, kelas dari benda-benda, tempat dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

• Car
• Man
• Bridge
• Town
• Water
• Metal
• Ammonia
• Plane

b. Proper Nouns (Kata benda tersendiri)

Yaitu nama orang, tempat dan sebagainya yang khusus untuk dia saja. Proper Nouns selalu diawali dengan huruf kapital.

Contoh:

• Michael
• Africa
• Peking
• Dayton Peace Accord
• United Nations
• The Tower of London
• Uncle George
  ("Uncle" diawali dengan huruf kapital karena kata tersebut sudah menjadi bagian dari namanya.)
• My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally. 
• The Red Lion

c. Collective Nouns (Kata benda kumpulan)

Berupa manusia (people), binatang (animals) dan suatu benda (things). Beberapa kata tertentu biasanya atau selalu digunakan untuk membuat collective nouns.

Contoh:

• Choir
• Team
• Jury
• Shoal 
• Cabinet (of ministers)
• Regiment 

d. Material Nouns (Kata benda bahan baku)

Yaitu nama yang menunjukkan nama benda yang terjadi dengan sendirinya dan bukan buatan manusia.

Contoh:

• gold
• water
• fish
• iron
• blood

e. Compound Nouns (Kata benda gabungan)

Yaitu yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kata atau lebih.

Contoh:

• Mother-in-law
• Board of members
• Court-martial
• Manservant
• Paper-clip

PEMAKAIAN KATA THE

     Kata The diartikan itu. Kata itu merupakan kata sandang tertentu. Kata The dipergunakan untuk:

1. Nama-nama negara yang berbentuk jamak.
   contoh:
   -The United States of America
   -The Netherlands
   
2. Kata benda tertentu.
   contoh:
   -The book is on the table.
   -The girl is beautiful.
   
3. Nama-nama hotel.
   contoh:
   -The Indonesia Hotel
   -The Sheraton Hotel
   
4. Nama-nama sungai.
   contoh:
   -The Bengawan Solo
   -The Amazon
   
5. Nama-nama laut.
   contoh:
   -The Indian Ocean
   -The Pacific Ocean
   
6. Benda satu-satunya di dunia.
   contoh:
   -The sun
   -The moon
   -The sky
   -The earth
   

     Perhatikan!

     Kata The tidak dipergunakan pada:

1. Kata-kata benda tak tentu.contoh:
   -Children like bread.
   -I like buy cake.
   
2. Nama-nama negara tunggal.
   contoh:
   -Indonesia
   -Singapore
   -Thailand
   
3. Nama gunung yang tunggal.
   contoh:
   -Mount Bromo
   -Mount Everest

Tenses Bahasa Inggris

1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana)

Rumus :

(+) : S + Verb-1 + s/es + O
(-)  : S + do/does + not + Verb-1 + O
(?)  : Do/does + S + Verb-1 + O ?

Contoh :

+ } Jack reads newspaper everyday.

- } Jack does not read newspaper everyday.

? } Does Jack read newspaper everyday?

Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t)

Keterangan :

Untuk subjek I, We, You, They = Do

Untuk subjek He, She, It = Does

Contoh kalimat :

(+) I read this book everyday.

(+) He plays football every morning.

(-) I don't read this book everyday.

(-) He does not play football every morning.

(?) Do I read this book everyday?

(?) Does he play football every morning?

b. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang)

Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang.

Rumus :

(+) : S + (is,am,are) + Verb-ing + O
(-)  : S + (is,am,are) + Not + Verb-ing + O
(?)  : (is,am,are) + S + Verb-ing + O ?

Yes They are / no they are not

Keterangan:

I = am

They, we, you = are

He, She, It = Is

Contoh dalam kalimat :

(+) He is playing badminton now.

(+) I am drinking a cup of coffee now.

(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.

(-) I am not drinking a cup of coffee now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now?

(?) Am I drinking a cup of coffee now?

c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

(+) : S + Have/has + Verb-3 + O
(-) : S + Have/has + Not + Verb-3 + O
(?) : Have/has + S + Verb-3 + O ?

Contoh :

(+) You have eaten my snack.

(-) She has not been to Rome.

(?) Have you finished?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

(+) : S + have/has + been + Ving + O
(-) : S + have/has + Not + been + Ving + O
(?) : Have/has + S + been + Ving + O?

Contoh :

(+) She has been going to Bali since evening.

(+) We have been riding a horse for five days.

(-) She hasn’t been going to Bali since evening.

(-) We haven’t been riding a horse for five days.

(?) Has she been going to Bali since evening?

(?) Have He been riding a horse for five days?

2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)

Rumus :

(+) : S + V2 + O
(-) : S + did + Not + V-1 + O
(?) : Did + S + V1 + O?

Contoh :

+} We were at school yesterday.

-} We were not at school yesterday.

?} Were we at school yesterday ?

Keterangan:

I, He, She, It = Was

They, we, you = were

Contoh :

(+) I saw a good film last night.

(+) She came here last week.

(-) I did not see a good film last night.

(-) She did not came not last week.

(?) Did I see a good film last night?

(?) Did she come here last week?

b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + (was/were) + Ving + O
(-) : S + (was/were) + Not + Ving + O
(?) : (was/were) + S + Ving + O ?

Contoh :

(+) He was repairing his car when I came to his house.

(+) They were talking about sport when I met him.

(-) He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week.

(-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him.

(?) Was He repairing his car when I came to his house?

(?) Were they talking about sport when I met him?

c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + had + v3 + O
(-) : S + had + not + v3 + O
(?) : had + S + v3 + O ?

Contoh :

(+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my motor cycle.

(+) The ship had left before I arrived.

(-) When my brother arrived, I hadn’t painted my motor cycle.

(-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived.

(?) Had I painted my motor cycle when my brother arrived?

(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + had + been + ving + O
(-) : S + had + + Not + been + ving + O
(?) : Had + S + been + ving + O ?

Contoh :

(+) They had been living there for two month.

(+) When they washed my drees, your father had been playing badminton.

(-) They hadn’t been living there for two month.

(-) When they washed my dress, your father hadn’t been playing badminton.

(?) Had they been living there for two month?

(?) When they washed my dress, had your father been playing badminton ?

3. Future Tense (Akan Datang)

a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana)

Rumus :

(+) : S + Will/shall + V1 + O
(-) : S + Will/shall + Not + V1 + O
(?) : Will/shall + S + V1 + O ?

Contoh :

(+) I shall visit to Yogyakarta tomorrow.

(+) He will meet his girl friend at nine o’clock.

(-) I shall not visit to Yogyakarta tomorrow.

(-) He will not meet his girl friend at seven o’clock.

(?) Shall I visit to Yogyakarta tomorrow?

(?) Will he meet his girl friend at nine o'clock?

b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang)

Rumus :

(+) : S + will/shall + be + Ving + O
(-) : S + will/shall + Not + be + Ving + O
(?) : will/shall + S + be + Ving + O?

Contoh :

(+) I shall be studying if you come at seven o'clock tonight.

(+) They will be waiting you if you deliver this thing at nine o'clock tomorrow.

(-) I shall not be studying if you come at seven o'clock tonight.

(-) They will not be waiting you if you deliver this thing at nine o'clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be studying if you come at seven o'clock tonight?

(?) Will they be waiting you if you deliver this thing at nine o'clock tomorrow?

c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang)

Rumus :

(+) : S + will/shall + have + V3 + O
(-) : S + will/shall + Not + have + V3 + O
(?) : will/shall + S + have + V3 + O?

Contoh :

(+) I shall have finished my homework at 10 o'clock tonight.

(+) She will have come there next month.

(-) I shall not have finished my homework at 10 o'clock tonight.

(-) She will have come there next month.

(?) Shall I have finished my homework at 10 o'clock tonight?

(?) Will she have come there next month?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang)

Rumus :

(+) : S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O
(-) : S + will/shall + Not + have + been + Ving + O
(?) : will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O?

Contoh :

(+) I will have been reading a newspaper.

(+) He will have been listening music.

(-) I will haven’t been reading a newspaper.

(-) He will haven’t listening a music.

(?) Will I have been riding a newspaper ?

(?) Will He have listening a music ?

4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + would/should + V1 + O
(-) : S + would/should + Not + V1 + O
(?) : would/should + S + V1 + O?

Contoh :

(+) I should come here for a lunch yesterday, but it was raining.

(+) She would pay debts two days ago, but her money was stolen.

(-) I shouldn't come here for a lunch yesterday.

(-) She wouldn't pay debts two days ago.

(?) Should I come here for a lunch yesterday?

(?) Would she pay debts two days ago?

b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + would/should + be + Ving + O
(-) : S + would/should + Not + Be + Ving + O
(?) : would/should + S + Be + Ving + O?

Contoh :

(+) I should be swimming at the following day..

(+) I should be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shouldn’t be swimming at the following day.

(-) I shall not be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be swimming at the following day?

(?) Shall I be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow?

c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + would/should + Have + V3 + O
(-) : S + would/should + Not + Have + V3 + O
(?) : would/should + S + Have + V3 + O?

Contoh :

(+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard.

(+) She would have come if you had invited her.

(-) He would not have graduated if he had not studied hard.

(-) She would not have come if you had not invited her.

(?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard.

(?) Would she have come if you had invited her.

d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense    (Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau)

Rumus :

(+) : S + would/should + Have + Been + Ving + O
(-) : S + would/should + Not + Have + Been + VIng + O
(?) : would/should + S + Have + Been + Ving + O?

Contoh :

(+) Mrs. Nurul would have been walking here for seventeen years.

(+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years.

(-) Mrs. Nurul wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year.

(-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years.

(?) Would Mrs. Nurul have been walking here for seventeen years?

(?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years?